Knowledge
What buyers and engineers ask before they order.
Short, sourced guides to the specifications, documents and terms behind industrial procurement, in English and Spanish.
In short
The JJ Projects knowledge base explains industrial procurement: how the procurement process runs, how to write an RFQ, pipe schedules, flange pressure classes, material test reports, Incoterms 2020, refractory linings, stud bolts and gaskets, and valve types, with a bilingual glossary of terms.
Guides
- 01Industrial procurement process: from requirement to deliveryHow industrial procurement works, step by step: requirement, RFQ, bid tabulation, evaluation, award, PO, expediting, inspection, logistics and delivery.6 min read
- 02How to write an RFQ for industrial materialsWhat an RFQ for industrial materials must specify: item, size, schedule or class, grade, standard, quantity, MTRs, inspection, packing and Incoterm.5 min read
- 03Pipe schedules explained: NPS, OD and wall thicknessNPS is a label, not a measurement. Learn how pipe schedule sets wall thickness under ASME B36.10M and B36.19M, with OD and wall tables for NPS 2, 4, 6 and 8.5 min read
- 04Flange pressure classes explained: ASME B16.5 and B16.47How ASME flange classes 150 to 2500 work: B16.5 vs B16.47, pressure-temperature ratings, facings RF, FF and RTJ, flange types and common materials.6 min read
- 05Material test reports (MTRs): EN 10204 types and what to checkWhat a material test report contains, how EN 10204 types 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 differ, what heat numbers mean, and what to check against the purchase order.5 min read
- 06Incoterms 2020 explained: the 11 rules and where risk passesAll 11 Incoterms 2020 rules in one table: where the seller delivers, where risk and cost pass, who clears export and import, plus US to Latin America notes.6 min read
- 07Refractory lining basics: materials, anchors and dry-outHow refractory linings work in heaters, boilers and reformers: dense and insulating castables, firebrick, ceramic fiber, anchors, and why dry-out matters.6 min read
- 08Stud bolts and gaskets: ASTM A193, A194, A320 and ASME B16.20How to specify flange bolting and gaskets: ASTM A193 B7, B7M, B8, A194 2H and 2HM nuts, A320 L7, coatings and spiral-wound gaskets to ASME B16.20.6 min read
- 09Valve types and standards: API 600, 602, 6D, 608, 594 and ASME B16.34Gate, globe, ball, check, butterfly and needle valves: what each does, which standards apply (API 600, 602, 6D, 608, 594, B16.34) and how to choose.6 min read
Explainers
Transcript
From requirement to site, in ten stages. One: the requirement. Scope, specification and quantities are defined and approved. Two: the request for quotation goes to qualified vendors with a clear deadline. Three: vendors return priced quotations against the same scope. Four: evaluation compares technical and commercial compliance side by side. Five: the award selects the compliant offer and records the decision. Six: the purchase order commits scope, terms and delivery in writing. Seven: expediting checks progress against the delivery schedule. Eight: inspection verifies the material against the order before it ships. Nine: shipment, with documents and logistics following the agreed Incoterm. Ten: delivery to site, where the goods are received and checked against the order. The illustrations are generic pictograms of the process.
Transcript
From requirement to site, in ten stages. One: the requirement. Scope, specification and quantities are defined and approved. Two: the request for quotation goes to qualified vendors with a clear deadline. Three: vendors return priced quotations against the same scope. Four: evaluation compares technical and commercial compliance side by side. Five: the award selects the compliant offer and records the decision. Six: the purchase order commits scope, terms and delivery in writing. Seven: expediting checks progress against the delivery schedule. Eight: inspection verifies the material against the order before it ships. Nine: shipment, with documents and logistics following the agreed Incoterm. Ten: delivery to site, where the goods are received and checked against the order. The illustrations are generic pictograms of the process.
Transcript
Pipe schedule for NPS 4, sourced to ASME B36.10M. The outside diameter is fixed at 4.500 inches (114.3 millimetres) for every schedule; the schedule changes the wall thickness, so the bore gets smaller as the wall gets thicker. Schedule 10: wall 0.120 inch (3.05 mm), inside diameter 4.260 inches. Schedule 40, also standard weight: 0.237 inch (6.02 mm), inside diameter 4.026 inches. Schedule 80, also extra strong: 0.337 inch (8.56 mm), inside diameter 3.826 inches. Schedule 120: 0.438 inch (11.13 mm), inside diameter 3.624 inches. Schedule 160: 0.531 inch (13.49 mm), inside diameter 3.438 inches. Double extra strong: 0.674 inch (17.12 mm), inside diameter 3.152 inches. Inside diameters are derived from the outside diameter and the wall. Confirm values against the current edition of the standard before design.
Transcript
Pressure ratings of ASME B16.5 flanges for material group 1.1, which includes carbon steel such as ASTM A105, in bar. At ambient temperature, 38 degrees Celsius, classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 are rated 19.6, 51.1, 102.1, 153.2, 255.3 and 425.5 bar. As the temperature rises, every class loses capacity. At 400 degrees Celsius the same classes are rated 6.5, 34.7, 69.4, 104.2, 173.6 and 289.3 bar. Class 150 falls to about one third of its ambient rating. The values are the group 1.1 working-pressure ratings up to 400 degrees; confirm them against the current edition of ASME B16.5 before design.
Transcript
Incoterms 2020, published by the International Chamber of Commerce, state where the seller's costs and risk end. The route runs from the seller's premises on the left to the buyer on the right: a teal line is what the seller pays, a dashed line what the buyer pays, and a diamond marks where risk passes. Group E: EXW. The buyer takes the goods at the seller's premises and also handles export clearance. Group F: FCA, FAS and FOB. The seller clears export. Under FCA risk passes at handover to the carrier. Under FAS the goods are alongside the vessel, and under FOB on board; FAS and FOB are for sea and inland waterway only. Group C: CPT, CIP, CFR and CIF. The seller pays the main carriage, but risk passes earlier. Under CPT and CIP the seller pays carriage to the named destination while risk passes at handover to the first carrier; CIP also requires insurance at the higher ICC (A) level. Under CFR and CIF, for sea and inland waterway, the seller pays freight to the destination port while risk passes on board at loading; CIF requires insurance at the minimum ICC (C) level. Group D: DAP, DPU and DDP. The seller delivers at the destination. Under DAP the goods are ready for unloading; under DPU the seller also unloads them. Under DDP the seller also clears import and pays duties, the only rule that places import clearance on the seller.
Transcript
Section through a refractory-lined wall, hot side on the left. The steel shell carries the structure. Inside it sits an insulating layer, and inside that the hot-face layer of brick, held to the shell by welded anchors. Hot gas heats the hot face and heat flows outwards through the wall. The temperature profile is illustrative: about 1200 degrees Celsius at the hot face, about 900 at the interface with the insulating layer, falling to about 180 at the inside of the shell and 170 at its outside. The insulating layer carries most of the drop.
Glossary
Procurement, materials and logistics terms in English and Spanish.
- RFQ
- RFP
- Bid tabulation
- Technical bid evaluation
- Commercial bid evaluation
- Purchase order
- Material requisition
- Expediting
- Lead time
- Offer validity
- MTR
- Heat number
- EN 10204
- Certificate of conformity
- ITP
- Hold point and witness point
- FAT
- SAT
- Third-party inspection
- ASME
- ASTM
- API
- NPS
- DN
- Schedule
- Outside diameter
- Wall thickness
- Seamless pipe
- Beveled end
- Long radius elbow
- Reducer
- Butt-weld fitting
- Pipe spool
- Corrosion allowance
- ASME B16.5
- Pressure class
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